Hi pparker
You sound like a very frustrated and annoyed poster and I can certainly sympathize with you. You have asked a straight-forward simple question and have received a convoluted half-baked answer. It's no wonder that you are so upset. There are many bloggers on this website who have trouble explaining a simple answer to a honest question.
As I understand the situation, your partner visited a dentist to have some dental work done and was lead to believe that this procedure was covered by some dental plan, therefore there would be no cost to your partner. Subsequent to the work being performed, your partner received a bill from the dentist for $200 which was not paid. The dentist has turned this bill over to an agency for collection. If this is the situation, contact the collection agency, preferably by registered mail and tell them that you dispute the charge and suggest that they begin legal proceedings against your partner. What this does is it prevents the collection agency from contacting you by phone and thereby making illegal threats to collect on this disputed debt. The collection agency is then left with two options. Either they begin legal proceedings ( i.e. they will begin a lawsuit in Small Claims Court by issuing a "Statement of Claim" { which is highly unlikely due to the amount in dispute}), or they can only contact you in writing. If you wish to offer them a sum of money, then that's your choice. I would suggest that you try to work out a settlement with the collection agency. Otherwise, if the collection agency is going to play "hardball", they will simply report this debt to one or both credit bureaus ( i.e. Equifax and TransUnion ) and this will show as a "collection account" on your credit report and remain there for 6 years from the date of delinquincy. This will seriously affect your partner's credit score. After reflecting on these options, you may be further ahead by paying the $200 and chalking it up to a bad experience and move on with life.
Regarding your question about "judgements" When a debtor is sued by a creditor for an unpaid debt, the matter is usually heard in Small Claims Court, much like going to traffic court when a police officer charges you with a traffic offence and you wish to dispute the charge. At trial, the creditor will present their case and try to convince the judge to issue a "judgement" against the debtor for the unpaid debt. If successful, a judgement will be issued by the judge in favour of the creditor. At this point, it is only a piece of paper. That judgement is valid for 10 years but can be renewed for a further 10 years before the original judgement expires. A judgement is of no value until the creditor applies to the court to have it enforced such as garnishment of wages of the debtor, including bank accounts and seizure and sale of assets. If the debt is not satisfied within the 10 year period ( i.e. the debtor is unemployed and owns no assets that can be seized ), then the creditor can apply to the court to have the judgement reissued for a further 10 years.
I trust that I have provided some insight into your question
Good Luck and have a GREAT DAY